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Emigration ( from country Oppeln)

by Friedrich Kaminsky / translated by EAH

Geschützt durch/ Protected by Copyrights

The following translation attempts to be very close to the original German letter (avoiding the usage of contemporary English phrases) to transport the smell of the original. I am sure every reader will be capable of smooth the language into modern usage. Where certain German phrases require a note, this has been <added>

Hitherto it is little known, that only 70 years ago <well its 139 years by now> a mass emigration from the county of Oppeln towards America took place. More than 1000 men, women and children at the time moved "across the great pond" 8as they called it at the time) to find a new home-land. it is significant that such an emigration started in such villages, which formed part of the "new colonies" of the 18th century. As reasons for the emigration two reasons can be named: economical poverty and an inclination to migrate <well, they call it a strong desire to move>. In the absence of a scholarly research dealing with the reasons for such an emigration, one can only speculate which one was the driving factor. This paper will only attempt to present a short description of the emigration, to address the fact once, that this emigration. As far as the number of people are concerned the county of Oppeln lost the equivalent of three villages <Well, in 1900 the statistics of rural county Oppeln was 1408 sq km and 107911 inhabitants -plus 16 sqkm and 30112 inhabitants for the city>. One thing however can be said for sure: Overpopulation, lack of income possibilities and economical poverty must have been the prime reasons, which drove the emigration nearly into a spontaneous mass movement.

Screening of the contemporary news-papers - apart from the odd reference to the economicl situation- don´t give any clue for the desire to migrate in the county of Oppeln. Even the "Schlesische Provinzblaetter" a knowing source for the economical situation, keep silence on it. Neither Schueck, Triest or other contemporary writers show anything on the subject. We are thustotally depending on the records of the district administration <"Government"> of Oppeln for the period 1856-1874. It seems possible that these lines open the possibility to view the emigration from another angle.

It all started in 1862 with the emigration of six weavers and some other craftsmen families from Friedrichgraetz towards Poland.:

Profession & Name

Men 14 and above

women 14 and above

children

Capital in "Taler"

Weber <Weaver> Karl Swoboda

3

1

2

200

Häüsler <permanent Farm-help> Paul Sterczik

3

0

2

160

Kolonist <New farmer> Johann Kraja

0

1

2

200

Kolonist Johann Kraiczy

1

3

4

500

Schuster <boot repair> Paul Storczik

0

2

2

150

Tischler <joiner> Johann Kratochwil

2

2

2

150

Weber Johann Naworzoczek

0

1

2

120

Kolonist Paul Kraiczy

2

1

2

800

Weber Johann Utikal

1

1

2

160

Kolonist Josef Kraiczy

2

1

3

300

Muehlengehilfe <Miller´s hand> Paul Sterzik

1

0

0

150

Weber Franz Kraiczy

0

2

2

50

Weber Wilhelm Kraiczy

0

0

1

100

Weber Karl Ondraczyk

0

0

1

50

Gerbermeister <Master tanner> Anton Joradnik

1

0

0

1200

 

16

15

27

4280

(...) The last mentioned Master tanner followed the others at a later state only. Where the list does not contain any men (6 cases alltogether) they must have emigrated at an earlier time and now asked their loved ones to follow. The name KRAICZY plays a special role. The family seems to have been the nucleus of the "inclined emigrants" to America. The first Oppekn county resident to move to America was a KRAICZY as well. Alltogether the emigrants transfered 4280 Taler to their new homeland Poland, which is equal to 72 Taler per capita.Thus for the timeframe 1862 to 1874 a total capital-loss of

  • 4 280 Thalern by 58 Emigrants towards Polen
  • 82 008 Thaler by 1 139 Emigrants towards Amerika
  • Zus. 86 288 Thaler by 1 197 Emigrants.

The not neglectable amount of emigrating capital (for the time) - and similar amounts came from other Upper-Silesian counties- may have been the cause, why the government did not like any press coverage for the emigration to America, and might have even caused a surpression.

When the Fusilier Wilhelm Kraiczy, after completed military service <2 1/2 years> returned to Friedrichsgraetz, he missed so many neighbours and next of kin, that he was overcome by the desire to migrate. May even be that he had not any housing left in the village, since he is referred to as having any capital. Thus his destination was different as well: America. It looks as if he was one of the first, who urged back from the New World for a add-on movement of the others to America. Maybe that the news of said Kraiczy and others were so advantageous, that only five years later a regular escape from the homeland in the county of Oppeln started, which caused hundreds every year to look for a better fate and to start the migration. The first four men, who left for America came from Poppelau. They started the trip end of 1867 , and on Feb 16th, 1868 16 men, 11 women and 32 children followed track.They were familymembers of: Sobatta, Woiczyk, Stroch, Giemsa, Kammler, Kautza, Passon, Sylla, Kokott; Halama, Schiwek and Macieg all well known names, which are well known today in the city and in rural count of Oppeln. Shortly afterwards 2 follwed from Brinnitz, 2 from Poppelau, the farmers son Jakob Kulik from Alt-Schockwitz, permanent farm help (Haeusler) Kowalczyk from Jellowa, 4 men from Alt-Schalkowitz, named: Glowania Pampuch, Kilian and Kulig, as well as the Angenhaeusler (?) Florian Krezig together with 3 children and 2 female and 2 male persons 14 and over.already in March of the same year 33 Men, 27 women and 87 children from Poppelau, Brinnitz(45), Schalkowitz (25), Friedrichsthal (7), Lugnian (8), Murow(1), Schulenburg (7), Grabczok (1) and Oppeln proper (1) headed for the new continent. The following names are mentioned: Sobotta, Koroll, Sczygola, Kulig, Gamroth, Stiller, Niwe, Kowalczyk, Prodlo, Sczepurek, Bautz, Kuba, Klimek, Marsollek, Sonsolla, Rudolph, Pohl, Trat, Fautsch, Salonek, Knopp, Gritzner, Pampuch, Draß, Twardi, Tyris, Woiczich, Krell, Wiersgalla, Kutscher, Schweda, Lukaszik und Pieterek who are starting the major journey into an unknown country.It was the time, when novelties in the area (mainly pubs) were called  "The New World" to remember those who emigrated to it. ( happened e.g. in Proskau, Gleiwitz etc)

An investigation into the professions of the emigrants shows: In larger groups farmers were predominant. Small groups mainly comprised craftsmen as e.g. In 1868 as add ons: The mason Franz Kaniut and the butcher-fellow Johann Jaunich from Brinnitz. In October: glass-maker Friedrich May from Murow In January 1869: Auszuegler and Raffinierschmied < emigrant into a new hamlet and speciality black smith> Lorenz Golla from Wengern in Februrary Weaver Simon Otto from Chroszczitz (with 3 relatives), miller´s fellow Karl Wollner from Oppeln. permanent farm-hand (Haeusler) Gregor Maciossek from Schalkowitz (with 2 relatives). Also in February followed another 12 men, 9 women and 11 children from the same villages as well as from Dammratsch and Dombrowka. In March: Wochnik from Dammratsch-Hammer, Sluga from Pappelau and Goebel from Pluemkenau, each with wife and child, 9 persons altogether. A large closed party of 23 men, 22 women and 32 children started the journey on March 25th 1869, namely the families: Sobotta, Sluga, and Habisch from Popplau, Pieterek from Czarnowanz, Tyrys, Schmidt and Kupilla from Grabczok, Golenia and Jaunisch from Friedrichsthal, Egemann from Plümkenau, Burghardt from Tauentzinow, Nelik from Alt Schalkowitz, Slensok, Albert and Stasch from Lugnian, Gonsior from Brinnitz, David from Zirkowitz, Schwierz from Massow, and Knopp from Wengern. One can see that certain names and places are repeating frequently.

April 1869: 21 men, 21 women and 29 children the families: Pogrzeba and Nalewaja from Brinnitz, Kasparek from Krogullno, Krafczyk from Massow, Schwierz from Lendzin, Morczinek from Dziekanstwo, Stasch from Lugnian, Kilian and Klimek from Poppelau, Gbur, Szymitzek, Rudek and Marsolek from Schalkowitz, Josek and Galgou from Kgl. <Royal> Neudorf, Kaniut from Frauendorf and Hylla from Sacrau. This travelling party came mainly from villages in the next vicinity of Oppeln. If you consider that prior to the <I.> World War was mainly initiated in the Eastern countries by agents and "Sachsengaenger" <"walkers" to find Saxons>, one is not mistaken to assume such "a mediation" here as well. Otherwise such a composition could not be explained. In this case a mediator has worked the vicinity of Oppeln. This can thus explain that nothing hit the papers.

Already in May 1869 the next transport with 39 men, 29 women and 55 children, namely Pieterek and Kania from Poppelau, Gnitka from Brinnitz, Weidel from Friedrichsthal, Purkott, Millek, Filla, Maciossek, Pampuch, Psykalla, Prodlo, Szynowski, Wosch, Gbur and Pollok from Alt-Schalkowitz, Stampka from Chroszcütz, Drong from Alt-Bubkowitz, Kuka and Sochor from Brinnitz and Kasparek from Carlsruhe This party was joined by a merchant-hand: Oskar Ebstein from Carslruhe. From the vicinity of Oppeln in 1870 again 11 men, 8 wives and 11 children followed: (It should be noted that children 14 year plus are always counted as "men" and "women") The last transport had the following names: Schiewek, Sobotta, Halama, Hannek, Passon, Klimek, Kampa, Stroch and Kuka. In March 10 men , 13 Women and 22 children: Wazecha, Sylla, Sobotta, Thoma, Kuka, Woiczyk from Poppelau, Naglo, Sakry and Gohl from Komprachtschuetz, Burczik, Jelen, Stroch and Waldemar from Schalkowitz.

It is of interest that the total wave happens between the wars of 1866 and 1870/71, since the year 1870 shows only a few instances. The war thus worked as an obstacle. One can think, that only the administration blocked, that the lack of people in rural areas smoothened the interest in emigration. Only as of 1872 the number of emigrations increases again.87 families with 93 men, 85 women and 133 children can be counted from: Dammrasch, Poppelau, Chroszczitz, Liebenau, Grabczok, Schalkowitz, Krascheow thus again from well known places. In 1873 : 63 families with 63 men,59 women and 98 children from the same area. In1874 the number suddenly decreases. In 1875 nothing is heared anymore. It is noteworth that withe start of the "Gruenderjahre" <"founders years" caused by the "capital import" by the War-compensation France had to pay> thus in the time of an economical recession <this is wrong: It was in fact a "boom" time> the inclination for migration decreases.

This makes one to consider: Was it the economical poverty, which drove the people into emigration ? Was it not at least partly) the "Pain for the distant areas" ? Where in America can the many thousands of Upper-Silesians be found. Where do their off-springs live? Did some find their back into the homeland? Did they correspond ? What is known of it in the villages?

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